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Table of Contents |
Page |
|
Introduction |
1 |
|
Carbon Rich Products |
3 |
|
Pulverized Coal |
3 |
|
a. Introduction |
3 |
|
b. Fly Ash |
4 |
|
c. Bottom Ash |
4 |
|
d. Fluid Gas Desulphurization (FGD)
Products |
4 |
|
e. Ash Derived from the Burning of Products
from Oil Refining (PET Coke) |
4 |
|
f. Resource Recovered from Ash |
5 |
|
Sustainable Development |
5 |
|
Fly Ash Use in Portland Cement Concrete |
5 |
|
a. Introduction |
5 |
|
b. Effects on Fresh Properties |
6 |
|
i. Increased Setting Time |
6 |
|
ii. Reduced Water Content |
6 |
|
iii. Increased Workability |
7 |
|
iv. Placing |
7 |
|
v. Reduced Bleeding |
7 |
|
vi. Reduced Heat of Hydration |
7 |
|
c. Effects on Hardening Properties |
7 |
|
i. Increased Long Term Strength |
7 |
|
ii. Increased Volume Stability |
7 |
|
iii. Reduced Permeability |
8 |
|
iv. Increased Resistance to Chloride
Penetration |
8 |
|
v. Increased Resistance to Sulfates |
8 |
|
vi. Increased Resistance to Alkali-Silica
Reaction |
8 |
|
vii. Resistance to freezing and thawing |
8 |
|
viii. Resistance to Deicer Salt Scaling |
8 |
|
d. Production |
9 |
|
i. Handling and Storage of Fly Ash |
9 |
|
ii. Mix Design |
9 |
|
iii. Unusual Placement (e.g. Under
Water) |
9 |
|
iv. Curing |
9 |
|
v. Testing and inspection |
9 |
|
e. Applications That Make Best Use of Fly Ash
in Portland Cement Concrete |
10 |
|
i. Reinforced Concrete with enhanced
Resistance to Steel Corrosion Due to Chloride Ingress |
10 |
|
ii. Containment of Hazardous Wastes Using Very
Impermeable Concrete |
10 |
|
iii. Control of Alkali- Silica Reaction
(ASR) |
10 |
|
iv. Sulfate Resistance |
10 |
|
v. Low heat of Hydration |
10 |
|
vi. Where enhanced economy and ease of
placement are needed |
10 |
|
Agricultural and Other
Uses |
10 |
|
a. High Calcium Ash to Counteract
Acidification |
10 |
|
b. Sulfur for Acid Tolerant Plants |
11 |
|
Highway Use |
11 |
|
a. Introduction |
11 |
|
b. As a Low Density Road Base |
11 |
|
c. To Enhance Soil Properties when Mixed with
the In-place Material |
12 |
|
d. Full Depth Reclamation of Asphalt
Pavement |
12 |
|
Aggregates from Coal
Combustion |
12 |
|
a. Sintered Aggregates |
12 |
|
b. Hydrothermal Treated Fly Ash
Aggregate |
12 |
|
c. Cold Bonded Fly Ash Aggregates |
13 |
|
d. Bottom Ash Aggregates |
13 |
|
Other Uses |
13 |
|
a. Fly Ash in Clay Bricks |
13 |
|
b. Fly Ash in Cellular Concrete |
13 |
|
c. Flowable Fill |
14 |
|
d. Utilization in Grouts and Mortars |
14 |
|
e. Filler for Plastics (Cenoshperes) |
14 |
|
f. Soil Solidification/Stabilization |
14 |
|
g. Mining Applications |
15 |
|
i High Calcium Ash to Counteract
Acidification |
15 |
|
ii Cemented Mine Backfill |
16 |
|
h. Oil Patch Applications |
16 |
|
Beneficiation |
16 |
|
a. Introduction |
16 |
|
b. To Reduce Carbon Content |
17 |
|
i. Microwave Burnout |
17 |
|
ii. Fluidized Bed Burnout |
17 |
|
iii. Electrostatic Separation |
17 |
|
iv. Electrostatic and Streaming |
17 |
|
v. Air Separation |
17 |
|
vi. Carbon Flotation |
17 |
|
c. To Reduce Ammonia |
18 |
|
d. To Reduce Mercury |
18 |
|
Current Research Needs (10 Most
Important) |
18 |
|
Suggested Essay Topics |
18 |
|
Sources for Additional
Information |
19 |
|
References |
20 |
